The Glorious Martyrdoms of Martin and Maximus
As we enter into Eastertide, we recall on this 13th of April Pope Saint Martin I (+655), one of the noblest, if most tragic, of the successors of Saint Peter. Born in Umbria, Italy, he was of noble lineage, with great intelligence combined with charity and love of the poor and the Church. While still a priest, he was sent by Pope John IV in 641 to redeem prisoners from the Slavs, during which duty Martin also piously gathered up many scattered relics of the martyrs and saints, which he placed in a chapel he had built in Rome.
Sometime soon afterward, he was appointed by Pope Theodore (642-649) apocrisiarius, or legate to Constantinople, and was himself elected to the papacy upon the Pontiff’s death, an office that would soon lead to his early death.
With the decline of Rome two centuries earlier – after the purported ‘fall’ with the deposition of the last rather pathetic and shadowy emperor, the child Romulus Augustulus – power was now centralized in Constantinople. At this time, its emperor was Constans II.
Tragically, the East was also infected with the heresy of monothelitism, that Christ had no human will, but only a divine one. This was to safeguard, so they thought, the integrity of His Godhead, and the chance that His human will could somehow rebel and thwart the implacable divine decree.
But in reality, this insidious heresy would have negated the true reality of the Incarnation, as with no human will, Christ would not have assumed a full human nature, and the body which belonged thereto. This would reduce the Incarnation to a human ‘puppet’ moved only by the divine will; and therefore the ‘Word’ would not truly have become ‘flesh, the Christ would not really have ‘become Man’, one like us in all things, except sin. Monothelitism is a variation of the doctrine of the antichrist, whose central heresy, as Saint John warned, would be to deny the Incarnation.
Pope Martin realized this, and summoned a Council as soon as he was elected, in 649, which convened at this own cathedral, Saint John Lateran; the heresy was condemned in no uncertain terms, and the Church through Peter proclaimed the reality of two wills in Christ, divine and human, corresponding to the two natures which coalesced in the hypostatic union of His one divine Personhood.
Emperor Constans realized the threat this posed to his own authority, spiritual and temporal, so ordered the Pope’s arrest by the Exarch of Ravenna, the Italian coastal city where Eastern authority was located in the West. The first exarch refused to carry out the order, but his successor had no such scruples, seizing Pope Martin at the Lateran on June 17, 653 – contrary to the laws of sanctuary and inviolability of the Roman Pontiff – and hauling him, along with Saint Maximus the Confessor, the great intellectual foe of monothelitism, and one of the most profound of spiritual authors – in chains to Constantinople.
The Pope’s words from exile are plaintive, a man bereft:
Saint Maximus – whose story deserves its own article, and these few words in no way do the great saint justice – was tortured, his right hand cut off and his tongue ripped out, so he could no longer ‘confess’ his ‘heresy’. He too died in exile in 662. Quite rightly does he deserve the title of ‘Confessor’.
Constans likely thought that mutilating and executing the Pope would be unwise, making a martyr of him, so Martin, upon disembarking, was left to linger, exposed on the dock to taunts and jeers, stripped and paraded through the city, and left in prison, cold, hungry, cramped. But the great man, whose integrity shines through the ages, would not submit to the heretical and caesaropapist emperor, refusing to sign the emperor’s decree, Typus, which would have authorized the monothelitist heresy.
After months of isolation and starvation, through which he must have been sustained by the graces bestowed through deep prayer, the Pope was eventually exiled to Crimea, where he died a few years later, around the time of his companion Maximus, in September of 662. And a martyr he did indeed become, one of the most noble and notable of witnesses to the Faith, of which he had been chosen as a defender and guardian.
The truth for which Martin and Maximus gave their lives was recognized two decades later, at the Third Council of Constantinople (681) which condemned monothelitism for all time, reaffirming the truth Pope Martin had declared in 649, that Christ, along with two natures, also had two wills – divine and human – united in His one divine Person.
Christ fulfilled our redemption, taking our full humanity – including all of our sins and weaknesses – upon Himself, all the way to the Cross, where he atoned for all moral evil, opening the gates of heaven to everyone who assents to His truth. As Christ prayed in His human nature in the Garden, let not my will, but Thine be done…
A fitting day to pray for our Holy Father, and all of our bishops and priests, that they too not only remain faithful to the Truth, but proclaim that Truth clearly and without compromise, with courage and conviction, in the face of a world growing more inimical, even diabolical, by the day.
But Christ is for us, so who can be against? We will share in His victory – full measure and flowing over – if we but persevere to the end.
Saint Martin and Saint Maximus, orate pro nobis!
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